In general, elder abuse is a term referring to any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm to an older adult. Legislatures in all 50 states have passed some form of elder abuse prevention laws. Laws and definitions of elder abuse vary by state, but broadly defined; they may include:

• Physical: Intentional use of physical force that results in illness, injury, pain or functional impairment
• Sexual: Non-consensual sexual contact of any kind
• Neglect: Caregivers or other responsible parties failing to provide food, shelter, health care, or protection
• Financial: Misappropriation of an older person’s money or property
• Emotional: Inflicting mental pain, anguish, or distress on a person
• Self-neglect: A person who fails to perform self-care tasks such that it threatens his/her own health or safety

While one sign does not necessarily indicate abuse, some tell-tale signs that indicate abuse are:

• Physical: Bruises, pressure marks or sores, broken bones, abrasions, and burns
• Sexual: Bruises or injury to the genital area which may present as difficulty moving or sitting
• Emotional: Withdrawal from normal activities, anxiety, depression, unusual behavior, or unease
• Neglect: Bedsores, unattended medical needs, poor hygiene, and unusual weight loss
• Financial: Uncharacteristic purchases by the individual or caregiver; failure to pay bills or keep appointments; questionable behavior

When making the call, be ready to give the older adult’s name, address, contact information, and details about why you are concerned. You may be asked a series of questions to provide authorities with information regarding the situation.

Questions may include:

• Are there any known medical problems (including confusion or memory loss)?
  What kinds of family or social supports are there?
• Have you seen or heard incidents of yelling, hitting, or other abusive behavior?
• You might also be asked for your contact information, but most states will take a report even if you do not identify yourself.